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The constitutional province of Callao has a long historical path, associated in pre-Hispanic times with the Lima culture, belonging to the Ischma lordship, having as one of its most important "curacazgos", the Maranga, among others. When the Spanish arrived and with the founding of Lima, there was no better idea than to use the surroundings of Callao as a port, for that reason, it is known as the port of Lima. Callao does not have a foundation date, unlike Lima.

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Colonial Sketch of Callao, in 1650

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View of the port of Callao de Lima (Peru, South America), 1671. Montanus / Meurs

The great earthquake of October 1746 left the city of Callao destroyed, so the crown decided to rebuild the new Callao in another location: Bellavista. Despite the catastrophe, after a while the city and its population resurfaced again. By this time, Callao will be used as a defense fort, for that reason in 1747 the viceroy, Manso de Velasco, ordered the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress, a work that French architect, Luis Godin, was in charge of and whose work lasted more than 30 years.

After the great earthquake of 1746, Callao was consolidated in urban planning as a port city, until the 1820s and 1830s, Callao continued to be configured as a military port city, as it was appreciated in the plan of the late 18th century, in which they predominate military and port type facilities, such as the captaincy, the king's warehouses, facilities for the service of ships (loading, unloading, hull, etc.).

Gallery of Blueprints of Callao XVIII century

History of Callao

 

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The Marine Hotel. Second block of the Constitution (1841-1845)

It is only in the middle of the 19th century that Callao is acquiring notoriety and importance in the city's economy, having its great apogee in the middle of the 19th century with the revenues obtained from guano, starting since then to have buildings destined for port activity, warehouses and houses around Constitución street, Castilla street, Libertad street, and Matriz and Grau squares. (Guide to Architecture and Landscape. Lima and Callao. Page 447)

Gallery of the Plaza Matriz

It is in this period that various European communities: English, French, Italian, gathered in the port of Callao due to the various businesses that were concentrated in the area; as well as by the great economic impulse initiated by Ramón Castilla with the construction of the English railway, the first railway that linked Lima with Callao. In the following map, from 1790, you can see the configuration of the port of Callao and where the military and port facilities prevailed.

DEOLINDA VILLA

Historian of the Directorate of Real Estate Historical Heritage

Ministry of Culture of Peru